Today's age is defined by the
intersection of information, technology, and human creativity. In this context,
library and information science is dedicated to understanding the nature of
information, the interaction between information and communication technologies,
the relationship between information and knowledge, the cognitive and affective
aspects of knowledge acquisition, and the interface between people and
information. It offers new knowledge, technological benefits, and professional
expertise for every dimension of human affairs.
This
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Important
LIS term beginning with A
Abstract
An abstract is a brief, objective representation of the essential content of a book, article, speech, report, dissertation, patent, standard, or other work, presenting the main points in the same order as the original but having no independent literary value.
An abstract is a brief, objective representation of the essential content of a book, article, speech, report, dissertation, patent, standard, or other work, presenting the main points in the same order as the original but having no independent literary value.
Length depends on the type of
document abstracted and the intended use of the abstract. As a general rule,
abstracts of long documents, such as monographs and theses, are limited to a
single page (about 300 words); abstracts of papers, articles, and portions of
monographs are no longer than 250 words; abstracts of notes and other brief
communications are limited to 100 words; and abstracts of very short documents,
such as editorials and letters to the editor, are about 30 words long.
A well-prepared abstract
enables the reader to
1) Quickly identify the basic
content of the document,
2) Determine its relevance to
their interests, and
3) Decide whether it is worth
their time to read the entire document.
An abstract can be
informative, indicative, critical, or written from a particular point of view
(slanted). Examples of the various types of abstracts can be seen in the
Appendix of the ANSI/NISO Z39.14 Guidelines for Abstracts.
Abstracting journal
A journal that specializes in providing summaries (called
abstracts) of articles and other documents published within the scope of a
specific academic discipline or field of study (example: Peace Research
Abstracts Journal).
Abstracting service
A commercial indexing service that provides both a
citation and a brief summary or abstract of the content of each document
indexed (example: Information Science & Technology Abstracts). Numbered
consecutively in order of addition, entries are issued serially in print, usually
in monthly or quarterly supplements, or in a regularly updated bibliographic
database available by subscription. Abstracting services can be comprehensive
or selective within a specific academic discipline or sub discipline.
Accessibility
The ease with which a person may enter a library, gain
access to its online systems, use its resources, and obtain needed information
regardless of format.
Acquisitions
The process of selecting, ordering, and receiving
materials for library or archival collections by purchase, exchange, or gift,
which may include budgeting and negotiating with outside agencies, such as
publishers, dealers, and vendors, to obtain resources to meet the needs of the
institution's clientele in the most economical and expeditious manner.
Adopt a book
A library program in which a person, often a library patron, agrees to donate a modest sum (usually a fixed amount) to help cover the cost of conserving a book or other bibliographic item that is deteriorating from age or overuse.
Adult learner
A person older than traditional college age who pursues an independent, organized course of study, usually without the benefit of formal instruction at an established educational institution.
Adopt a book
A library program in which a person, often a library patron, agrees to donate a modest sum (usually a fixed amount) to help cover the cost of conserving a book or other bibliographic item that is deteriorating from age or overuse.
Adult learner
A person older than traditional college age who pursues an independent, organized course of study, usually without the benefit of formal instruction at an established educational institution.
Advance
copy
A copy of a book or other publication bound in advance of the normal press run to enable the publisher to check that all is in order before binding of the edition proceeds. Advance copies are also sent to booksellers, book club selection committees, and reviewers before the announced publication date, sometimes unbound or in a binding other than the publisher's binding, often with a review slip laid in.
A copy of a book or other publication bound in advance of the normal press run to enable the publisher to check that all is in order before binding of the edition proceeds. Advance copies are also sent to booksellers, book club selection committees, and reviewers before the announced publication date, sometimes unbound or in a binding other than the publisher's binding, often with a review slip laid in.
Advice book
A form of literature for women that provided practical and philosophical guidance on the domestic skills required in everyday life, such as etiquette, household management, cooking, gardening, childcare, family health and recreation, and female employment, often written from the perspective of a parent, Christian minister, or other authority, rather than from a feminist point of view.
Advisory service
A periodical publication, usually issued weekly, biweekly, or monthly in print or online, providing research, statistical analysis, and guidance on financial investments (stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, etc.).
Aggregator
A bibliographic service that provides online access to the digital full-text of periodicals published by different publishers.
Almanac
Originally, a book introduced by the Moors to Spain, listing the days, weeks, and months of the year and providing information about festivals, holidays, astronomical phenomena, etc. In modern usage, an annual compendium of practical dates, facts, and statistics, current and/or retrospective, often arranged in tables to facilitate comparison. Almanacs can be general (example: World Almanac and Book of Facts) or related to a specific subject or academic discipline. Information please is an example of a modern online almanac.
Originally, a book introduced by the Moors to Spain, listing the days, weeks, and months of the year and providing information about festivals, holidays, astronomical phenomena, etc. In modern usage, an annual compendium of practical dates, facts, and statistics, current and/or retrospective, often arranged in tables to facilitate comparison. Almanacs can be general (example: World Almanac and Book of Facts) or related to a specific subject or academic discipline. Information please is an example of a modern online almanac.
American Library Association (ALA)
The leading professional association of public and
academic libraries and librarians in the United States, the ALA was founded in
Philadelphia in October 1876 by a group of library leaders (90 men and 13
women) that included Melvil Dewey. An "association of associations,"
the ALA is organized in divisions, each with its own officers, budget, and
programs, and is closely tied to over 50 state and regional chapters. The
Association also sponsors round tables on specific issues and topics and is
affiliated with other independent library-related organizations.
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR)
A detailed set of standardized rules for cataloging various types of library materials that had its origin in Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries, published in 1908 under the auspices of the American Library Association and the Library Association (UK), and the A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries (1949), with its companion volume Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress. Cooperation between the ALA, the Library Association, and the Canadian Library Association resumed with the joint publication in 1967 of Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, which is divided into two parts: rules for creating the bibliographic description of an item of any type and rules governing the choice and form of entry of headings (access points) in the catalog.
Annotated bibliography
A bibliography in which a brief explanatory or evaluative note is added to each reference or citation. An annotation can be helpful to the researcher in evaluating whether the source is relevant to a given topic or line of inquiry.
Annotation
A brief note, usually no longer than two or three sentences, added after a citation in a bibliography to describe or explain the content or message of the work cited or to comment on it.
Annual review
A serial publication that surveys the most important works of original research and creative thought published in a specific discipline or sub discipline during a given calendar year (example: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
Anthology
A detailed set of standardized rules for cataloging various types of library materials that had its origin in Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries, published in 1908 under the auspices of the American Library Association and the Library Association (UK), and the A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries (1949), with its companion volume Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress. Cooperation between the ALA, the Library Association, and the Canadian Library Association resumed with the joint publication in 1967 of Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, which is divided into two parts: rules for creating the bibliographic description of an item of any type and rules governing the choice and form of entry of headings (access points) in the catalog.
Annotated bibliography
A bibliography in which a brief explanatory or evaluative note is added to each reference or citation. An annotation can be helpful to the researcher in evaluating whether the source is relevant to a given topic or line of inquiry.
Annotation
A brief note, usually no longer than two or three sentences, added after a citation in a bibliography to describe or explain the content or message of the work cited or to comment on it.
Annual review
A serial publication that surveys the most important works of original research and creative thought published in a specific discipline or sub discipline during a given calendar year (example: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
Anthology
A collection of extracts
or complete works by various authors, selected by an editor for publication in
a single volume or multivolume set.
Antiquarian book
An old, used out of print book, more valuable than most secondhand books because of its rarity and/or condition, usually sold by an antiquarian bookseller.
An old, used out of print book, more valuable than most secondhand books because of its rarity and/or condition, usually sold by an antiquarian bookseller.
APA style
A guide for typing research papers in the social sciences, developed by the American Psychological Association, which includes the proper format for typing notes and bibliographic citations.
Archival database
An organized collection of records in digital format, containing information to be retained for an indefinite period of time, usually for future reference.
Archives
An organized collection of the noncurrent records of the activities of a business, government, organization, institution, or other corporate body, or the personal papers of one or more individuals, families, or groups, retained permanently (or for a designated or indeterminate period of time) by their originator or a successor for their permanent historical, informational, evidential, legal, administrative, or monetary value, usually in a repository managed and maintained by a trained archivist.
Audiovisual (AV)
A work in a medium that combines sound and visual images,
for example, a motion picture or video recording with a sound track, or a slide
presentation synchronized with audiotape.
Author
The person or corporate entity responsible for producing
a written work (essay, monograph, novel, play, poem, screenplay, short story,
etc.) whose name is printed on the title page of a book or given elsewhere in
or on a manuscript or other item and in whose name the work is copyrighted. A
work may have two or more joint authors. In library cataloging, the term is
used in its broadest sense to include editor, compiler, composer, creator, etc.
Author bibliography
A bibliography of works written by or about a specific
author, which can vary in detail and extent from an unannotated list of
selected titles to a comprehensive, in-depth descriptive bibliography.
Author entry
The entry in a catalog, index, or bibliography under the
authorized heading for the first-named author of a work, whether it is a person
or corporate body. In most library catalogs, the author entry is the main
entry.
Author index
An alphabetically arranged index in which the headings
are the names of the individuals and corporate bodies responsible for creating
the works indexed. Author entries may be combined with the subject index or
title index, rather than listed separately.
Authorship
The origin of a manuscript, book, or other written work,
with reference to its author(s). In a more general sense, the source of an idea
or creative work in any form, with reference to its creator or originator, for
example, the composer of a musical work. When authorship of an anonymous work
cannot be determined with a reasonable degree of certainty, it is said to be of
unknown authorship.
Autobiography
An account of a person's life written by its subject,
usually in the form of a continuous narrative of events considered by the
author to be the most important or interesting, selected from those he or she
is willing to reveal (example: The Autobiography of Kazi Nazrul Islam). An
autobiography differs from a diary or journal in being written for others
rather than for purely private reasons
Automatic indexing
A method of indexing in which an algorithm is applied by a computer to the title and/or text of a work to identify and extract words and phrases representing subjects, for use as headings under which entries are made in the index.
Auxiliary schedule
In library classification, a separate list of classes (with their notations) that serves only to subdivide the classes listed in the main schedules, for example, the standard subdivisions listed in Table 1 of Dewey Decimal Classification.
A method of indexing in which an algorithm is applied by a computer to the title and/or text of a work to identify and extract words and phrases representing subjects, for use as headings under which entries are made in the index.
Auxiliary schedule
In library classification, a separate list of classes (with their notations) that serves only to subdivide the classes listed in the main schedules, for example, the standard subdivisions listed in Table 1 of Dewey Decimal Classification.
Important
LIS term Beginning with B
Back issue
Any issue of a periodical that precedes the current issue. Back issues are usually retained in a back file, which may be stored in a different location in the periodicals section of a library, sometimes converted to a more compact format, such as microfilm or microfiche.
Backlist
All the publications on a publisher's active list that are no longer new, having been published prior to the current season.
Back page
The last page of an issue of a periodical, facing the inside of the back cover.
Backup
In data processing, to make a second copy of an important data file in case the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.
Any issue of a periodical that precedes the current issue. Back issues are usually retained in a back file, which may be stored in a different location in the periodicals section of a library, sometimes converted to a more compact format, such as microfilm or microfiche.
Backlist
All the publications on a publisher's active list that are no longer new, having been published prior to the current season.
Back page
The last page of an issue of a periodical, facing the inside of the back cover.
Backup
In data processing, to make a second copy of an important data file in case the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.
Banned book
A book, the publication and/or sale of which has been prohibited or suppressed by ecclesiastical or secular authority because its content is considered objectionable or dangerous, usually for political and/or social reasons.
A book, the publication and/or sale of which has been prohibited or suppressed by ecclesiastical or secular authority because its content is considered objectionable or dangerous, usually for political and/or social reasons.
Barcode
A printed label containing machine-readable data encoded in vertical lines of equal length but variable thickness, which can be read into an attached computer by an optical scanner. In libraries barcodes are used to identify books and other materials for circulation and inventory and to link the borrower's library card to the appropriate patron record in automated circulation systems.
Biannual
Issued twice each year. Also refers to a publication issued twice a year.
Bibliographer
A person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc.
Bibliographic control
In other words, bibliographic control means the adequate listing of all bibliographic data and resources to manage and use them properly.
Bibliographic coupling
The idea that two scholarly papers containing a citation in common are bibliographically related in a way that is likely to be of interest to researchers. A similar relationship, called co-citation coupling, is established between two or more documents when they are both cited in a third. Citation indexing is based on the principle of bibliographic coupling.
Bibliography
A systematic list or enumeration of written works by a specific author or on a given subject, or that share one or more common characteristics (language, form, period, place of publication, etc.)
Issued twice each year. Also refers to a publication issued twice a year.
Bibliographer
A person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc.
Bibliographic control
In other words, bibliographic control means the adequate listing of all bibliographic data and resources to manage and use them properly.
Bibliographic coupling
The idea that two scholarly papers containing a citation in common are bibliographically related in a way that is likely to be of interest to researchers. A similar relationship, called co-citation coupling, is established between two or more documents when they are both cited in a third. Citation indexing is based on the principle of bibliographic coupling.
Bibliography
A systematic list or enumeration of written works by a specific author or on a given subject, or that share one or more common characteristics (language, form, period, place of publication, etc.)
Bilingual edition
A book or periodical published in two languages.
Bio-bibliography
A reference work combining biographical information with bibliography.
A book or periodical published in two languages.
Bio-bibliography
A reference work combining biographical information with bibliography.
Biographical note
A brief sketch of the life of the author (composer,
performer, etc.) of a work, printed at the end of a book, on the dust jacket,
on the container, or elsewhere in or on the bibliographic item.
Biography
A carefully researched, relatively full narrative account
of the life of a specific person or closely related group of people, written by
another.
Book
A collection of leaves of paper, fastened together along
one edge, with or without a protective case or cover. B=Best, O=Output, O=Of,
K=Knowledge.
Book announcement
A brief statement by the publisher announcing the availability of a new book or blacklisted title, published as an advertisement in a book trade journal or review publication or in an advertising section included in another book published under the same imprint.
A brief statement by the publisher announcing the availability of a new book or blacklisted title, published as an advertisement in a book trade journal or review publication or in an advertising section included in another book published under the same imprint.
Book card
A piece of stiff
card stock of standard size (three inches wide and five inches high), with
space at the top for the call number, name of author, and title of item, and
blank lines below for recording the due date and the library card number or
name of the borrower, used in manual circulation systems to maintain a card
file of items currently checked out.
Book catalog
A library catalog in the form of a bound or loose-leaf book, whether handwritten, printed, or computer-generated, practical only for small collections.
Book fair
A trade exhibition usually held annually, at which book publishers and distributors display their products in spaces called booths leased for that purpose.
Bookmark
A narrow strip of paper, leather, ribbon, or other thin, flexible material placed between the pages of a book to mark a place.
Book catalog
A library catalog in the form of a bound or loose-leaf book, whether handwritten, printed, or computer-generated, practical only for small collections.
Book fair
A trade exhibition usually held annually, at which book publishers and distributors display their products in spaces called booths leased for that purpose.
Bookmark
A narrow strip of paper, leather, ribbon, or other thin, flexible material placed between the pages of a book to mark a place.
Bookseller
A person in the business of selling new books and related materials to the retail trade at the full net published price, especially one who owns a bookstore.
A person in the business of selling new books and related materials to the retail trade at the full net published price, especially one who owns a bookstore.
Book
trade journal
A periodical issued by publishers, booksellers, and others engaged in the book trade for the purpose of announcing and promoting newly published titles. Book trade journals also include trade news, bestseller lists, author interviews, book reviews, feature articles, regular columns, analysis of current trends and issues, and information about book production/distribution, book fairs, and book signings.
A periodical issued by publishers, booksellers, and others engaged in the book trade for the purpose of announcing and promoting newly published titles. Book trade journals also include trade news, bestseller lists, author interviews, book reviews, feature articles, regular columns, analysis of current trends and issues, and information about book production/distribution, book fairs, and book signings.
A system of logic developed by the English mathematician
George Boole (1815-64) that allows the user to combine words or phrases
representing significant concepts when searching an online catalog or
bibliographic database by keywords. Three logical commands (sometimes called
"operators") are: OR, AND and NOT.
Borrower
A person who checks out books and other materials from a
library.
A library or institution that requests and receives
materials from another library, usually on interlibrary loan.
Important
LIS term Beginning with C
Catalog
A comprehensive list of the books, periodicals, maps, and
other materials in a given collection, arranged in systematic order to
facilitate retrieval (usually alphabetically by author, title, and/or subject).
Cataloging
The process of creating entries for a catalog.
CD-ROM
Compact Disc-Read Only Memory,
a small plastic optical disk similar to an audio compact disc, measuring 4.72
inches (12 centimeters) in diameter, used as a publishing medium and for
storing information in digital format.
Each disc has the capacity to
store 650 megabytes of data, the equivalent of 250,000 to 300,000 pages of text
or approximately 1,000 books of average length. CD-ROMs can be used to store
sound tracks, still or moving images, and computer files, as well as text. In
libraries, CD-ROMs are used primarily as a storage medium for bibliographic
databases and full-text resources, mostly dictionaries, encyclopedias, and
other reference works.
Chapter
One of two or more major divisions of a book or other
work, each complete in itself but related in theme or plot to the division
preceding and/or following it.
Chronology
A book or section of a book that lists events and their
dates in the order of their occurrence.
Circulation
The process of checking books
and other materials in and out of a library. Also refers to the total number of
items checked out by library borrowers over a designated period of time and to
the number of times a given item is checked out during a fixed period of time,
usually one year.
Circulation desk
The service point at which books and other materials are
checked in and out of a library, usually a long counter located near the
entrance or exit, which may include a built-in book drop for returning borrowed
materials.
A record that a patron borrowed a specific item, retained
for a significant length of time after the item is returned to the library.
The methods used to record the loan of items from a
library collection by linking data in the patron record to the item record for
each item loaned.
Citation
In the literary sense, any written or spoken reference to
an authority.
Citation analysis
A bibliometric technique in which works cited in publications are examined to determine patterns of scholarly communication, in one or more academic disciplines.
Citation index
A three-part index in which works cited during a given year are listed alphabetically by name of author cited, followed by the names of the citing authors in a "Citation Index”.
A bibliometric technique in which works cited in publications are examined to determine patterns of scholarly communication, in one or more academic disciplines.
Citation index
A three-part index in which works cited during a given year are listed alphabetically by name of author cited, followed by the names of the citing authors in a "Citation Index”.
Classification system
A list of classes arranged according to a set of pre-established principles for the purpose of organizing items in a collection, or entries in an index, bibliography, or catalog, into groups based on their similarities and differences, to facilitate access and retrieval
Classified catalog
A subject catalog in which entries are filed in the notational order of a pre-established classification system, with bibliographic records under as many subject headings as apply to the content of each item. An alphabetical subject index facilitates the use of a classified catalog, which is usually maintained alongside an author and/or title catalog.
Classified index
An index in which entries are arranged under headings and subheadings indicating hierarchical divisions and subdivisions within classes based on the subject matter indexed, rather than in alphabetical or numerical sequence.
Class number
The specific notation used in Dewey Decimal Classification to designate a class, for example, 943.085 assigned to works on the history of the Weimar Republic in Germany.
Close classification
A classification system in which the main classes and divisions are minutely subdivided, allowing very specific characteristics of each subject to be differentiated.
A list of classes arranged according to a set of pre-established principles for the purpose of organizing items in a collection, or entries in an index, bibliography, or catalog, into groups based on their similarities and differences, to facilitate access and retrieval
Classified catalog
A subject catalog in which entries are filed in the notational order of a pre-established classification system, with bibliographic records under as many subject headings as apply to the content of each item. An alphabetical subject index facilitates the use of a classified catalog, which is usually maintained alongside an author and/or title catalog.
Classified index
An index in which entries are arranged under headings and subheadings indicating hierarchical divisions and subdivisions within classes based on the subject matter indexed, rather than in alphabetical or numerical sequence.
Class number
The specific notation used in Dewey Decimal Classification to designate a class, for example, 943.085 assigned to works on the history of the Weimar Republic in Germany.
Close classification
A classification system in which the main classes and divisions are minutely subdivided, allowing very specific characteristics of each subject to be differentiated.
Closed catalog
A library catalog to which new bibliographic records are no longer added or in which additions are restricted to certain categories, although existing records continue to be removed as they are revised, corrected, and/or converted to machine-readable format.
Collection development
The process of planning and building a useful and balanced collection of library materials over a period of years, based on an ongoing assessment of the information needs of the library's clientele, analysis of usage statistics, and demographic projections, normally constrained by budgetary limitations. Collection development includes the formulation of selection criteria, planning for resource sharing, and replacement of lost and damaged items, as well as routine selection and deselection decisions.
A library catalog to which new bibliographic records are no longer added or in which additions are restricted to certain categories, although existing records continue to be removed as they are revised, corrected, and/or converted to machine-readable format.
Collection development
The process of planning and building a useful and balanced collection of library materials over a period of years, based on an ongoing assessment of the information needs of the library's clientele, analysis of usage statistics, and demographic projections, normally constrained by budgetary limitations. Collection development includes the formulation of selection criteria, planning for resource sharing, and replacement of lost and damaged items, as well as routine selection and deselection decisions.
Collective biography
A work in one or more volumes containing separate accounts of the lives of two or more individuals who lived within a specific time period, distinguished themselves in the same field or activity, or have some other characteristic in common.
Colon Classification
A classification system in which subjects are analyzed into facets based on their uses and relations, then represented by synthetically constructed classes with the parts separated by the colon (:). Developed by S.R. Ranganathan in the 1930s, Colon Classification is used in libraries in India and in research libraries throughout the world.
A work in one or more volumes containing separate accounts of the lives of two or more individuals who lived within a specific time period, distinguished themselves in the same field or activity, or have some other characteristic in common.
Colon Classification
A classification system in which subjects are analyzed into facets based on their uses and relations, then represented by synthetically constructed classes with the parts separated by the colon (:). Developed by S.R. Ranganathan in the 1930s, Colon Classification is used in libraries in India and in research libraries throughout the world.
Comic book
A booklet, usually printed in color on paper made from wood pulp, containing one or more stories told pictorially in a continuous strip of panels drawn in cartoon style, with dialogue or monologue enclosed in balloons or given in captions
Copyright
The exclusive legal rights granted by a government to an author, editor, compiler, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to publish, produce, sell, or distribute copies of a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, or other work, within certain limitations. Copyright law also governs the right to prepare derivative works, reproduce a work or portions of it, and display or perform a work in public.
Copyright fee
The payment required by a national copyright depository to register copyright of a creative work, which must be submitted with the completed application form and a deposit copy of the work
Cumulative index
An index designed to save the user's time by combining in a single sequence the entries listed in two or more previously published indexes, providing integrated access to a larger body of material.
Current awareness service
A service or publication designed to alert scholars, researchers, readers, customers, or employees to recently published literature in their field(s) of specialization, usually available in special libraries serving companies, organizations, and institutions in which access to current information is essential.
A booklet, usually printed in color on paper made from wood pulp, containing one or more stories told pictorially in a continuous strip of panels drawn in cartoon style, with dialogue or monologue enclosed in balloons or given in captions
Copyright
The exclusive legal rights granted by a government to an author, editor, compiler, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to publish, produce, sell, or distribute copies of a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, or other work, within certain limitations. Copyright law also governs the right to prepare derivative works, reproduce a work or portions of it, and display or perform a work in public.
Copyright fee
The payment required by a national copyright depository to register copyright of a creative work, which must be submitted with the completed application form and a deposit copy of the work
Cumulative index
An index designed to save the user's time by combining in a single sequence the entries listed in two or more previously published indexes, providing integrated access to a larger body of material.
Current awareness service
A service or publication designed to alert scholars, researchers, readers, customers, or employees to recently published literature in their field(s) of specialization, usually available in special libraries serving companies, organizations, and institutions in which access to current information is essential.
Current bibliography
A bibliography that includes only references to recently published sources on a subject or in a specific field or discipline.
Important
LIS term Beginning with D
Data
The plural of the Latin word datum, meaning "what is
given," often used as a singular collective noun. Facts, figures, or
instructions presented in a form that can be comprehended, interpreted, and
communicated by a human being or processed by a computer.
Database
Database
A large, regularly updated file of digitized information
(bibliographic records, abstracts, full-text documents, directory entries,
images, statistics, etc.) related to a specific subject or field, consisting of
records of uniform format organized for ease and speed of search and retrieval
and managed with the aid of database management system (DBMS) software.
A computer application designed to control the storage,
retrieval, security, integrity, and reporting of data in the form of uniform
records organized in a large searchable file called a database.
A set of data descriptions documenting the fields
(columns) in the tables of a database system. A data dictionary may describe
the data type and other physical characteristics of fields, enumerate allowed
values, and specify appropriate usage.
A card or slip of paper inserted in an item charged from
a library collection or a small printed form attached to the inside of the
front or back cover or to one of the free endpapers, on which is stamped the
date the item is due back in the library.
A type of academic library that serves the information
and research needs of the faculty members of a department within an institution
of higher learning, usually a large university.
Deposit copy
A copy of a new publication sent without charge to a copyright depository or other designated library by the author or publisher in compliance with national copyright law
A copy of a new publication sent without charge to a copyright depository or other designated library by the author or publisher in compliance with national copyright law
The close study and description of the physical and bibliographic
characteristics of books and other materials, including detailed information
about author, title, publication history, format, pagination, illustration,
printing, binding, appearance, etc., as opposed to an examination of content.
Also refers to a work that is the result of such study
Descriptive cataloging
The part of the library cataloging process concerned with identifying and describing the physical and bibliographic characteristics of the item, and with determining the name(s) and title(s) to be used as access points in the catalog, but not with the assignment of subject and form headings.
The part of the library cataloging process concerned with identifying and describing the physical and bibliographic characteristics of the item, and with determining the name(s) and title(s) to be used as access points in the catalog, but not with the assignment of subject and form headings.
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
A hierarchical system for classifying books and other library materials by subject, first published in 1876 by the librarian and educator Melvil Dewey, who divided human knowledge into 10 main classes, each of which is divided into 10 divisions, and so on.
Diary
A hierarchical system for classifying books and other library materials by subject, first published in 1876 by the librarian and educator Melvil Dewey, who divided human knowledge into 10 main classes, each of which is divided into 10 divisions, and so on.
Diary
A private written
record of day-to-day thoughts, feelings, and experiences kept by a person who
does not expect them to be published.
Dictionary
Dictionary
A single-volume
or multivolume reference work containing brief explanatory entries for terms
and topics related to a specific subject or field of inquiry, usually arranged
alphabetically.
Dictionary catalog
A type of catalog, in which all the entries (main, added, subject) and cross-references are interfiled in a single alphabetic sequence.
Digital archives
Archival materials that have been converted to machine-readable format, usually for the sake of preservation or to make them more accessible to users.
Digital collection
A collection of library or archival materials converted to machine-readable format for preservation or to provide electronic access.
Dictionary catalog
A type of catalog, in which all the entries (main, added, subject) and cross-references are interfiled in a single alphabetic sequence.
Digital archives
Archival materials that have been converted to machine-readable format, usually for the sake of preservation or to make them more accessible to users.
Digital collection
A collection of library or archival materials converted to machine-readable format for preservation or to provide electronic access.
Digital library
A library in which a significant proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, accessible by means of computers. The digital content may be locally held or accessed remotely via computer networks.
A library in which a significant proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, accessible by means of computers. The digital content may be locally held or accessed remotely via computer networks.
Digital preservation
The process of maintaining, in a condition suitable for
use, materials produced in digital formats, including preservation of the bit
stream and the continued ability to render or display the content represented
by the bit stream.
Digital reference
Digital reference is a service by which library reference service is conducted online, and the reference transaction is a computer-mediated communication.
Digitization
The process of converting data to digital format for processing by a computer.
Directory
A list of people, companies, institutions, organizations, etc., in alphabetical or classified order, providing contact information (names, addresses, phone/fax numbers, etc.) and other pertinent details (affiliations, conferences, publications, membership, etc.) in brief format, often published serially.
The process of converting data to digital format for processing by a computer.
Directory
A list of people, companies, institutions, organizations, etc., in alphabetical or classified order, providing contact information (names, addresses, phone/fax numbers, etc.) and other pertinent details (affiliations, conferences, publications, membership, etc.) in brief format, often published serially.
Document
A generic term for a physical entity consisting of any substance on which is recorded all or a portion of one or more works for the purpose of conveying or preserving knowledge.
A generic term for a physical entity consisting of any substance on which is recorded all or a portion of one or more works for the purpose of conveying or preserving knowledge.
Documentation
The process of systematically collecting, organizing,
storing, retrieving, and disseminating specialized documents, especially of a
scientific, technical, or legal nature, usually to facilitate research or
preserve institutional memory.
An organization or agency that specializes in receiving,
processing, preserving, abstracting, and indexing publications, usually within
a scholarly discipline or field of research and study. Documentation centers
also issue bulletins on the progress of such work for distribution to
interested parties and may also prepare bibliographies on special topics, make
copies or translations, and engage in bibliographic research.
A standard set of 15 interoperable metadata elements
designed to facilitate the description and recovery of document-like resources
in a networked environment.
Dublin Core is the result of an international
cross-disciplinary consensus achieved through the ongoing efforts of the Dublin
Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), aimed at providing a foundation for
standardized bibliographic description of information resources available via
the Internet.
Dust jacket
The removable paper wrapper on the outside of a hardcover book, usually printed in color and given a glossy finish to market the work to retail customers and protect it from wear and tear. The front of the dust jacket bears the title, the author's full name, and a graphic design. The title also appears on the spine of the jacket, with the author's last name and the publisher's name or symbol.
The removable paper wrapper on the outside of a hardcover book, usually printed in color and given a glossy finish to market the work to retail customers and protect it from wear and tear. The front of the dust jacket bears the title, the author's full name, and a graphic design. The title also appears on the spine of the jacket, with the author's last name and the publisher's name or symbol.
DVD
An abbreviation of digital videodisc, a type of optical disk of the same size as a compact disc but with significantly greater recording capacity, partly because it is double-sided.
An abbreviation of digital videodisc, a type of optical disk of the same size as a compact disc but with significantly greater recording capacity, partly because it is double-sided.
Encyclopedia
A catalog that
includes in each entry a small reproduction of the picture, slide, map, or
other item it represents, usually affixed to or printed on cards larger than
standard size or on sheets of heavy paper filed in a loose-leaf or other type
of binder.
The transfer of
information traditionally recorded in a physical medium to the user
electronically, usually via e-mail or the World Wide Web.
A digital version
of a print journal, or a journal-like electronic publication with no print
counterpart, made available via the Web, e-mail, or other means of Internet
access.
A digital version
of a print magazine, or a magazine-like electronic publication with no print
counterpart, made available via the Web, e-mail, or other means of Internet
access.
A newsletter
published online, usually via the Internet, with or without a print
counterpart.
Electronic records
Bibliographic or archival records stored on a medium, such as magnetic tape/disk or optical disk, that requires computer equipment for retrieval and processing.
Bibliographic or archival records stored on a medium, such as magnetic tape/disk or optical disk, that requires computer equipment for retrieval and processing.
Electronic resource
Material consisting of data and/or computer program(s) encoded for reading and manipulation by a computer, by the use of a peripheral device directly connected to the computer, such as a CD-ROM drive, or remotely via a network.
E-Book
Material consisting of data and/or computer program(s) encoded for reading and manipulation by a computer, by the use of a peripheral device directly connected to the computer, such as a CD-ROM drive, or remotely via a network.
E-Book
An electronic book (also e-book,
eBook, electronic book, and
digital book) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting
of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and readable on
computers or other electronic devices. Sometimes the equivalent of a
conventional printed book,
e-books can also be born digital. The Oxford
Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an electronic version
of a printed book, but e-books can and do exist without any printed equivalent.
E-books are usually read on dedicated hardware
devices known as e-Readers or e-book devices. Personal computers
and some mobile phones can also be used to read e-books.
E-Magazine
An online
magazine shares some features with a blog and also with online
newspapers, but can usually be distinguished by its approach to
editorial control. Magazines typically have editors or editorial boards who
review submissions and perform a quality control function to ensure that all
material meets the expectations of the publishers (those investing time or
money in its production) and the readership.
A copy of a book or other item
once owned by a library and subsequently acquired by a used book dealer,
usually identified by an ownership mark, library binding, and/or spine label.
A subset of the SGML
markup language in which the tags define the kind of information contained in a
data element rather than how it is displayed.
Facsimile catalog
A catalog that includes in each entry a small reproduction of the picture, slide, map, or other item it represents, usually affixed to or printed on cards larger than standard size or on sheets of heavy paper filed in a loose-leaf or other type of binder.
A catalog that includes in each entry a small reproduction of the picture, slide, map, or other item it represents, usually affixed to or printed on cards larger than standard size or on sheets of heavy paper filed in a loose-leaf or other type of binder.
Faculty status
Official recognition by a college or university that the librarians in its employ are considered members of the faculty, with ranks, titles, rights, and benefits equivalent to those of teaching faculty, including tenure, promotion, and the right to participate in governance.
Official recognition by a college or university that the librarians in its employ are considered members of the faculty, with ranks, titles, rights, and benefits equivalent to those of teaching faculty, including tenure, promotion, and the right to participate in governance.
Fiction
Literary works in prose, portraying characters and events created in the imagination of the writer, intended to entertain, enlighten, and vicariously expand the reader's experience of life.
Literary works in prose, portraying characters and events created in the imagination of the writer, intended to entertain, enlighten, and vicariously expand the reader's experience of life.
Film
library
A type of special library containing a collection of 8, 16, 35, or 70mm motion pictures, video recordings, DVDs, and other materials related to cinematography and film studies, classified for ease of access and retrieval.
A type of special library containing a collection of 8, 16, 35, or 70mm motion pictures, video recordings, DVDs, and other materials related to cinematography and film studies, classified for ease of access and retrieval.
First-line
index
An index in which the opening lines of poems are listed in alphabetical order, each entry giving the title of the work and the name of the poet, usually shelved in the reference section of a library.
An index in which the opening lines of poems are listed in alphabetical order, each entry giving the title of the work and the name of the poet, usually shelved in the reference section of a library.
Important
LIS term beginning with G,H
Gazette
A news sheet in which current events, legal notices, public appointments, etc., are recorded on a regular basis.
A news sheet in which current events, legal notices, public appointments, etc., are recorded on a regular basis.
General encyclopedia
An encyclopedia that provides basic information on a broad range of subjects but treats no single subject in depth, as distinct from a subject encyclopedia that provides greater depth of coverage within a more limited scope.
An encyclopedia that provides basic information on a broad range of subjects but treats no single subject in depth, as distinct from a subject encyclopedia that provides greater depth of coverage within a more limited scope.
Guidebook
A handbook that provides useful current information for travelers to a city, state, region, country, or other geographic area or for visitors to a museum, park, historical site, etc.
A handbook that provides useful current information for travelers to a city, state, region, country, or other geographic area or for visitors to a museum, park, historical site, etc.
Handbook
A single-volume reference book of compact size that provides concise factual information on a specific subject, organized systematically for quick and easy access.
A single-volume reference book of compact size that provides concise factual information on a specific subject, organized systematically for quick and easy access.
Hardcover
A book bound in an inflexible board case or cover, usually covered in cloth, paper, plastic, leather, or some other durable material, as distinct from a book bound in a cover made of flexible material.
A book bound in an inflexible board case or cover, usually covered in cloth, paper, plastic, leather, or some other durable material, as distinct from a book bound in a cover made of flexible material.
Harvesting
The process of gathering data from Web pages and other Internet sources and sending it back to a central site for indexing. An Internet crawler harvests Web pages for indexing in Internet search engines Google, AltaVista, HotBot, etc.
The process of gathering data from Web pages and other Internet sources and sending it back to a central site for indexing. An Internet crawler harvests Web pages for indexing in Internet search engines Google, AltaVista, HotBot, etc.
Hits
In information retrieval, the number of records retrieved from databases that are relevant to the query.
On the Internet, the number of times a given site is visited during a designated period of time, which can be recorded by an automatic counter supported by the software running the site.
In information retrieval, the number of records retrieved from databases that are relevant to the query.
On the Internet, the number of times a given site is visited during a designated period of time, which can be recorded by an automatic counter supported by the software running the site.
Holdings record
In cataloging, a separate record attached to the bibliographic record for a serial title or multivolume item to track issues, parts, volumes, etc., as they are acquired by the library.
In cataloging, a separate record attached to the bibliographic record for a serial title or multivolume item to track issues, parts, volumes, etc., as they are acquired by the library.
Hospital library
A medical library maintained within the walls of a hospital, containing a collection of print and online resources on medicine and allied health to serve the information and research needs of doctors, nurses, patients, and staff, usually managed by a medical librarian.
A medical library maintained within the walls of a hospital, containing a collection of print and online resources on medicine and allied health to serve the information and research needs of doctors, nurses, patients, and staff, usually managed by a medical librarian.
Important
LIS term beginning with I
Illustration
A picture, plate, diagram, plan, chart, map, design, or other graphic image printed with or inserted in the text of a book or other publication as an embellishment or to complement or elucidate the text. Also refers to the fine art of creating such visual works.
A picture, plate, diagram, plan, chart, map, design, or other graphic image printed with or inserted in the text of a book or other publication as an embellishment or to complement or elucidate the text. Also refers to the fine art of creating such visual works.
Instant Messaging Reference Service
Instant messaging
(IM) Reference Service is a form
of real-time
direct
text-based chatting
communication
in push mode between two or more people using personal
computers or other devices, along with shared clients provided by the Library.
Indexing
The process of compiling one or more indexes for a single publication, such as a monograph or multivolume reference work, or adding entries for new documents to an open-end index covering a particular publication format, works of a specific literary form, or the literature of an academic field, discipline, or group of disciplines.
The process of compiling one or more indexes for a single publication, such as a monograph or multivolume reference work, or adding entries for new documents to an open-end index covering a particular publication format, works of a specific literary form, or the literature of an academic field, discipline, or group of disciplines.
Indicative abstract
An abstract that describes the type and form of a document, indicating its purpose and/or scope and providing a brief description of the treatment, without summarizing the content or evaluating the work.
An abstract that describes the type and form of a document, indicating its purpose and/or scope and providing a brief description of the treatment, without summarizing the content or evaluating the work.
Information
Facts or ideas which are recorded, presented in a convenient way is called information.
Facts or ideas which are recorded, presented in a convenient way is called information.
Information
and referral (I&R)
A service available at no charge, usually from a public library or other public service agency, providing contact information about other organizations, agencies, and individuals qualified to offer specific information and services, both free and fee-based, usually within the local community.
A service available at no charge, usually from a public library or other public service agency, providing contact information about other organizations, agencies, and individuals qualified to offer specific information and services, both free and fee-based, usually within the local community.
Information desk
A desk in a large public or academic library, usually located near the main entrance, staffed by a nonprofessional trained to screen questions, provide basic information about library services and collections, and direct users to the reference desk or some other public service point, when further assistance is needed.
A desk in a large public or academic library, usually located near the main entrance, staffed by a nonprofessional trained to screen questions, provide basic information about library services and collections, and direct users to the reference desk or some other public service point, when further assistance is needed.
Information ethics
The branch of ethics that focuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society.
The branch of ethics that focuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society.
Information management
The skillful exercise of control over the acquisition, organization, storage, security, retrieval, and dissemination of the information resources essential to the successful operation of a business, agency, organization, or institution, including documentation, records management, and technical infrastructure.
The skillful exercise of control over the acquisition, organization, storage, security, retrieval, and dissemination of the information resources essential to the successful operation of a business, agency, organization, or institution, including documentation, records management, and technical infrastructure.
Information
need
Information need is an individual or group's desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need.
Information need is an individual or group's desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need.
Information overload
A condition in which too much information is available on a topic, a common occurrence in online searching, particularly when the query is expressed in terms that are too general.
A condition in which too much information is available on a topic, a common occurrence in online searching, particularly when the query is expressed in terms that are too general.
Information
Retrieval (IR)
The process, methods, and procedures used to selectively recall recorded information from a file of data. In other words Information Retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for documents, for information within documents and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching relational databases and the World Wide Web.
The process, methods, and procedures used to selectively recall recorded information from a file of data. In other words Information Retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for documents, for information within documents and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching relational databases and the World Wide Web.
Informative abstract
An abstract that summarizes the essential content of a document, usually within the limitations of a single paragraph, reflecting its tone and mode of presentation.
An abstract that summarizes the essential content of a document, usually within the limitations of a single paragraph, reflecting its tone and mode of presentation.
Informatics
The use of mathematical and statistical methods in research related to libraries, documentation, and information.
The use of mathematical and statistical methods in research related to libraries, documentation, and information.
Intellectual freedom
The right of any person to read or express views that may be unpopular or offensive to some people, within certain limitations.
Intellectual property
Tangible products of the human mind and intelligence entitled to the legal status of personal property, especially works protected by copyright, inventions that have been patented and registered trademarks.
Tangible products of the human mind and intelligence entitled to the legal status of personal property, especially works protected by copyright, inventions that have been patented and registered trademarks.
Inter-library loan (ILL)
Interlibrary loan is a service whereby a user of one library can borrow books, videos, DVDs, sound recordings, microfilms, or receive photocopies of articles in magazines that are owned by another library.
Interlibrary loan is a service whereby a user of one library can borrow books, videos, DVDs, sound recordings, microfilms, or receive photocopies of articles in magazines that are owned by another library.
International
Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD)
A set of standards adopted in 1971 by the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), governing the bibliographic description of items collected by libraries.
A set of standards adopted in 1971 by the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), governing the bibliographic description of items collected by libraries.
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
A unique 10-digit standard number assigned to identify a specific edition of a book or other monographic publication issued by a given publisher, under a system recommended for international use by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1969.
A unique 10-digit standard number assigned to identify a specific edition of a book or other monographic publication issued by a given publisher, under a system recommended for international use by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1969.
International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
A unique eight-digit standard number assigned by the International Serials Data System (ISDS) to identify a specific serial title. The ISSN is usually given in the masthead of each issue or on the copyright page of each volume or part of a series.
A unique eight-digit standard number assigned by the International Serials Data System (ISDS) to identify a specific serial title. The ISSN is usually given in the masthead of each issue or on the copyright page of each volume or part of a series.
